Vol. 7, Issue 6, Part A (2025)

Nanoparticle synthesis has become a cornerstone of modern chemistry, driven by the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, which enable transformative applications in catalysis, environmental remediation, sensor technology, and advanced materials. Traditional synthesis methods, such as chemical reduction and physical vapor deposition, often rely on hazardous chemicals and energy-intensive processes, posing significant environmental and health risks. Green synthesis, utilizing biological entities such as plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae, offers a sustainable alternative by minimizing the use of toxic reagents and reducing energy demands. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of green synthesis, detailing the biological methods employed, the diverse types of nanoparticles produced, and the critical factors influencing their formation. It emphasizes their potential in chemistry-related applications, including photocatalysis, pollutant degradation, and chemical sensing, while addressing challenges such as scalability, reproducibility, and toxicity. Future prospects for integrating green-synthesized nanoparticles into sustainable chemical technologies are also discussed, highlighting their role in advancing green chemistry principles.