Vol. 7, Issue 9, Part A (2025)

Every year, industries generate millions of tons of waste in liquid, solid, or gaseous forms, containing harmful chemical residues that pose a significant risk to various forms of life. As environmental protection awareness continues to grow, biological remediation emerges as a highly promising, efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach for eliminating both organic and inorganic compounds. This method involves harnessing the power of microorganisms and plants through biological processes to effectively remove diverse pollutants. The utilization of biological treatment represents an advanced technology that has gained widespread acceptance in the management of various industrial wastes, including those from pharmaceuticals, textiles, dairy, tanneries, and more. This approach relies on enzymatic degradation, absorption, and adsorption phenomena. This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of biological methods, encompassing aerobic and anaerobic processes, as well as phyto and myco remediation. These techniques are employed for the effective treatment of diverse industrial wastes, offering comprehensive insights into their application and efficacy.